independent development meaning in English

主动发育
自主开发

The road of independent development for engineering supervision
工程监理自强发展之路
But their independent development has resulted in problems
但民营企业内部审计的自主发展存在诸多弊病。
It allows for parallel and independent development of client - side and server - side
允许客户端和服务器端并行地独立开发。
The difficulties and transcendence in the independent development of the social sciences
社会科学自主性发展的困难与超越
High maintenance and development costs resulting from independent development efforts
由单独的开发工作所致的高维护和开发成本。

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